Damage is the process at which a player or monster's life or energy shield is reduced. Damage reduction only affects physical damage. The other four damage types each have their own resistance value (e.g. 'Fire resistance') which is viewable in the character sheet. Resistances reduce damage taken, and are normally capped at 75%. However, there are passives and items that can increase maximum. For Fallout 4 on the PlayStation 4, a GameFAQs message board topic titled 'What perk is needed for shotgun dmg'.
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Medically reviewed by C. Fookes, BPharm. Last updated on Feb 5, 2019.
What are Benzodiazepines?
Benzodiazepines (also called “benzos”) are a class of agents that work in the central nervous system and are used for a variety of medical conditions.
They act on specific receptors in the brain, called gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA-A) receptors. Benzodiazepines attach to these receptors and make the nerves in the brain less sensitive to stimulation, which has a calming effect.
What are benzodiazepines used for?
Benzodiazepines may be used to treat:
- as a muscle relaxant
- to induce relaxation and cause amnesia prior to surgical operations.
What are the differences between benzodiazepines?
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All benzodiazepines work in a similar way but there are differences in the way individual benzodiazepines act on different GABA-A receptor sub-types. In addition, some benzodiazepines are more potent than others or work for a longer length of time. The table below summarizes the common benzodiazepines available in the U.S.
Common Benzodiazepines Available in the U.S.
| Generic Name | Brand Name | Common Uses | Half-life* |
|---|---|---|---|
| * The half-life is the amount of time it takes for half of the drug to be eliminated from the body. The shorter the half-life, the quicker the drug is eliminated. All benzodiazepines are listed as DEA scheduled IV controlled substances. As controlled substances, all benzodiazepines have the potential for abuse, addiction and diversion. | |||
| alprazolam | Niravam, Xanax, Xanax XR | anxiety, panic disorders | 6-26h (short-acting) |
| chlordiazepoxide | Librax | anxiety, alcohol withdrawal | 30-100h (long-acting) |
| clobazam | Onfi | Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, adjunct (seizures) | 71-82h (long-acting) |
| clonazepam | Klonopin | seizure disorder, panic disorder, neuralgia (nerve pain) | 20-50h (long-acting) |
| clorazepate | Tranxene T-Tab | anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, partial seizures | 20-100h (long-acting) |
| diazepam | Valium | anxiety, sedation, alcohol withdrawal, muscle spasm, seizure disorders | 20-100h (long-acting) |
| estazolam | ProSom | insomnia (short-term use) | 10-24h (medium-acting) |
| flurazepam | Dalmane | insomnia (short-term use) | 40-100h (long-acting) |
| lorazepam | Ativan | anxiety, insomnia (short-term use), seizures, sedation | 10-20h (medium-acting) |
| midazolam | Versed | sedation, preoperative; general anesthesia induction; seizures | 2.5h (short-acting) |
| oxazepam | Serax | anxiety, alcohol withdrawal | 5-15h (short-acting) |
| temazepam | Restoril | insomnia (short-term use) | 10-20h (medium-acting) |
| triazolam | Halcion | insomnia (short-term use) | 2-5h (short-acting) |
Are benzodiazepines safe?
When prescribed by a doctor and used for short periods of time, such as the day of surgery or for less than two weeks to aid sleep, benzodiazepines are safe to take.
Problems start to arise when benzodiazepines are taken at higher dosages than recommended, or when they are taken for more than two to four weeks. Benzodiazepines are potentially addictive and the risk of becoming emotionally and physically dependent on them increases the more you take. In addition, tolerance can develop with their use. This is when the same dose no longer gives the same effect, and a dosage increase is needed to ease symptoms again.
Benzodiazepines should only be taken at the lowest dose for the shortest possible length of time.
What are the side effects of benzodiazepines?
Drowsiness, sleepiness, or dizziness are the most common side effects reported. This can make it dangerous for people taking benzodiazepines to drive or operate machinery or perform other hazardous tasks. Alcohol may potentiate these effects.
Other commonly reported side effects include:
- amnesia (forgetfulness)
- confusion
- sexual dysfunction
- unsteadiness when walking or standing
- unusually slow and shallow breathing
- vision problems (blurred or double vision).
Withdrawal symptoms may occur with abrupt discontinuation – symptoms may include convulsions, cramps, insomnia, sweating, tremors, and vomiting.
Some people develop a paradoxical reaction to benzodiazepines – this is the opposite reaction to what you would expect. They may become agitated or very anxious, develop hallucinations, have difficulty sleeping or exhibit bizarre behavior such as taking off their clothes in public or taking unnecessary risks.
For more about benzodiazepines see Benzodiazepines: Overview and Use.
List of Benzodiazepines:
| Drug Name | Reviews | Avg. Ratings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zetran Generic name:diazepam | 1 review | 10 | |
| Doral(Pro) Generic name:quazepam | 6 reviews | 9.7 | |
| Prosom(Pro) Generic name:estazolam | 2 reviews | 9.7 | |
| Niravam(Pro) Generic name:alprazolam | 13 reviews | 9.5 | |
| Alprazolam Intensol(Pro) Generic name:alprazolam | 12 reviews | 9.4 | |
| Diazepam Intensol Generic name:diazepam | 8 reviews | 9.4 | |
| Tranxene Generic name:clorazepate | 15 reviews | 9.3 | |
| Klonopin Wafer Generic name:clonazepam | 19 reviews | 8.9 | |
| Serax Generic name:oxazepam | 12 reviews | 8.9 | |
| Xanax XR(Pro) Generic name:alprazolam | 74 reviews | 8.9 | |
| Librium(Pro) Generic name:chlordiazepoxide | 159 reviews | 8.8 | |
| Xanax(Pro) Generic name:alprazolam | 822 reviews | 8.8 | |
| Lorazepam Intensol(Pro) Generic name:lorazepam | 13 reviews | 8.7 | |
| Valium(Pro) Generic name:diazepam | 282 reviews | 8.6 | |
| Klonopin(Pro) Generic name:clonazepam | 680 reviews | 8.5 | |
| Dalmane Generic name:flurazepam | 17 reviews | 8.4 | |
| Halcion(Pro) Generic name:triazolam | 28 reviews | 8.1 | |
| Ativan(Pro) Generic name:lorazepam | 418 reviews | 8.0 | |
| Tranxene T-Tab(Pro) Generic name:clorazepate | 1 review | 7.8 | |
| Restoril(Pro) Generic name:temazepam | 92 reviews | 7.2 | |
| Tranxene SD Generic name:clorazepate | 2 reviews | 7.0 | |
| Versed Generic name:midazolam | 56 reviews | 4.9 | |
| Byfavo Generic name: remimazolam | 0 reviews | Add rating | |
| Nayzilam(Pro) Generic name:midazolam | 0 reviews | Add rating | |
| Seizalam Generic name:midazolam | 0 reviews | Add rating | |
| For ratings, users were asked how effective they found the medicine while considering positive/adverse effects and ease of use (1 = not effective, 10 = most effective). | |||
Further information
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Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.
See Also
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Medical conditions associated with benzodiazepines: